What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness

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Glaucoma is a disease involving abnormalities of the optic nerve, causing optic nerve damage characterized by a “cupping” or deepening of the optic nerve head. Typically, the optic nerve head in healthy individuals has a cupping ratio of less than 50% of the total optic disc diameter. However, in individuals with glaucoma, this cupping is significantly enlarged.

Causes of Glaucoma

Several factors contribute to optic nerve damage in glaucoma, but the primary factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), exceeding the normal range. In general, the average IOP in healthy individuals is less than or equal to 21 mmHg.

Why Do Patients with Glaucoma Have Higher Intraocular Pressure?

Normally, the fluid within the eye circulates in balance, draining out through a structure called the trabecular meshwork. However, in glaucoma patients, abnormalities occur within this drainage system, resulting in impaired fluid outflow. Glaucoma can be classified into two main types, each with distinct characteristics:

• Open-angle glaucoma

• Closed-angle glaucoma

Who Is at Risk of Glaucoma?

• Individuals over the age of 40

• Individuals with a family history of glaucoma

• Individuals with diabetes

• Those with significant short-sightedness (myopia) or long-sightedness (hyperopia)

• Individuals with a history of eye trauma or eye surgery

• Those with chronic eye conditions, such as uveitis

• Individuals regularly using steroid eye drops or medications

Treatment of Glaucoma

The primary goal of glaucoma treatment is to lower intraocular pressure. This can be achieved through:

• Eye drops or oral medications

• Laser trabeculoplasty

• Surgical interventions to reduce intraocular pressure

However, the effectiveness of treatments varies depending on the glaucoma type and the individual’s specific condition. Therefore, specialized ophthalmologists experienced in glaucoma management will carefully assess and customize a treatment plan suited to each patient’s particular needs.

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